Abstract for: Integrating Push-Pull and Black Soldier Fly Systems for Smallholder Farming system

Smallholder farming systems face persistent instability driven by pest outbreaks, soil degradation, and low profitability. Interventions such as push-pull technology and organic soil amendments are often implemented separately, limiting their systemic potential. There remains a need to understand how integrating aboveground pest regulation and belowground soil regeneration influences overall farm resilience within a circular agroecological framework. We develop a feedback-based stock-and-flow model integrating pest dynamics, natural enemies, soil nutrient cycling, microbial biomass, crop growth, and farm-level economics. Parameterized using empirical and site-specific data from western Kenya, the model simulates daily interactions over two cropping seasons. Four scenarios—baseline, push-pull only, black soldier fly frass only, and integrated management—are compared to evaluate biophysical and economic system behavior. Preliminary simulations suggest that coupling push-pull technology generates stronger and more stable reductions in pest populations compared to single interventions. Integrated management improves soil fertility index trajectories, enhances yield stability, and increases farm profitability. Feedback interactions between biological control, soil nutrient regeneration, and crop growth appear to create reinforcing mechanisms supporting circular system performance. The paper is still in development so this part is still not developed properly. Ongoing work focuses on further calibration, uncertainty testing, and exploring adoption dynamics to support scalable and climate-resilient farming transitions. To improve writing