In irrigation systems over-abstraction of water and/or neglected maintenance are common problems 
faced by their users. For a generalized system with head- and tail-users, which interact through water 
abstraction and maintenance, a feedback structure is presented. It builds on causal relationships derived 
from theoretical work on collective action and irrigation. The concept of the model can be looked upon as 
a general formulation of two mutually – but asymmetrically – dependent groups of users with regard to a 
common resource. Main objective of the study is to provide a systems framework allowing for a deeper 
understanding of the social and institutional nature of irrigation problems. It is embedded in 
transdisciplinary research in Kyrgyzstan and Kenya aimed at developing strategies for a sustainable future 
in semi-arid rural areas.